美国森林生态系统管理的理论与实践US Forest Ecosystem Management: Theory and Practice
占君慧;朱永杰;谷瑶;
摘要(Abstract):
20世纪90年代以来,森林管理开始突出人类这一重要因素,并根据社会需求来对各种森林价值进行全面的整合。森林生态系统管理为森林管理提供了崭新的视角,在一系列法律法规及战略规划的指导下,逐渐成为一项以不危害生态系统健康和完整性为基础的,可持续、可共享并能产生多种价值的技术。概述了美国森林生态系统管理在概念、管理模式以及管理实践这三方面的演化进程,旨在阐明美国森林生态系统管理的演化对美国林业实践发展的指导作用。
关键词(KeyWords): 森林生态系统;内涵演进;适应性管理;森林多功能服务
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 占君慧;朱永杰;谷瑶;
Email:
DOI: 10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2015.28.112
参考文献(References):
- [1]林群,张守攻,江泽平,等.森林生态系统管理研究概述[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(2):1-9.
- [2]UNGER D G.The USDA Forest Service perspective on ecosystem Management[C]//Symposium on Ecosystem Management and North eastern Area Association of State Foresters Meeting.Burlington,Virginia,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1994:22-26.
- [3]REICHMAN O J,PULLIAM H R.The scientific basis for ecosystem management[J].Ecological applications,1996,6(1):694-696.
- [4]THOMAS J W.Forest service perspective on ecosystem management[J].Ecological applications,1996,6(3):703-705.
- [5]THOMAS J W,HUKE S.The forest service approach to healthy ecosystems[J].Journal of forestry(USA),1996,94(8):14-18.
- [6]CHRISTENSEN N L,BARTUSKA A M,BROWN J H,et al.The report of the ecological society of america committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management[J].Ecological applications,1996,6(3):665-691.
- [7]KIMMINS J P.Old-growth forest:An ancient and stable sylvan equilibrium,or a relatively transitory ecosystem condition that offers people a visual and emotional feast answer it depends[J].The forestry chronicle,2003,79(3):429-440.
- [8]WETTERBERG G,RISBRUDT C D.Ecosystem management in US national forests:Evolution of a paradigm[J].New Zealand forestry,1998,42(2):43
- [9]ANDERIES J M,JANSSEN M A,OSTROM E.A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective[J].Ecology and society,2004,9(1):18.
- [10]孙顶强,尹润生.西北林业计划:美国国有森林经营的经验与启示[J].林业经济,2006,28(2):75-80.
- [11]MORRISSEY W A,ZINN J A,CORN M L.Ecosystem management:Federal agency activities[C].Washington,D.C:Library of Congress,Congressional Research Service,1994:124.
- [12]SEDJO R A.Toward an operational approach to public forest management[J].Journal of forestry(USA),1996,94(8):24-27.
- [13]RISBRUDT C D.Forest policy analysis-methodological and empirical aspects:Proceedings from four workshops held during 1991-1994 in the IUFRO working party S6.12.01“Analysis and evaluation of forest policies and programmes”[M].Joensuu:European forest Institute,1995:225-238.
- [14]THOMAS J W.The forest service program for forest and rangeland resources:A long-term strategic plan[R].Washington,D.C.:USDA Forest Service,1995.
- [15]BARNETTE K.Multiple purpose forests and the national forest system[J].New forests,1999,17(1):119-127.
- [16]COLLIN R W.The environmental protection agency:Cleaning up america’s act[M].Santa Barbara,CA:Greenwood Publishing Group,2006:36.
- [17]CONGRESS U S.Forest and rangeland renewable resources planning Act[A].Public Law,1974:93-378.
- [18]ELLEFSON P V,STIONE R N.US wood-based industry:Industrial organization and performance[M].New York:Praeger,1984.
- [19]王小军.基于农户视角的集体林权制度改革主观评价与森林经营行为研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
- [20]张小强.中美森林法比较及其对我国森林法修改的启示[J].世界林业研究,2005,18(4):64-69.
- [21]USDA-Forest Service.U.S.Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends1952-2007[R].Washington,D.C.:USDA-Forest Service,2007:39-40
- [22]THOMASJ W.FEMAT:Objectives,process,and options[J].Journal of forestry,1994,92(4):66-70.
- [23]SZARO R C,SEXTON W T,MALONE C R.The emergence of ecosystem management as a tool for meeting people's needs and sustaining ecosystems[J].Landscape and urban planning,1998,40(1):1-7.
- [24]NONAKA E,SPIES T A.Historical range of variability in landscape structure:A simulation study in Oregon,USA[J].Ecological applications,2005,15(5):1727-1746.
- [25]LATRMOUILLE C,VALERIA O,HARVEY B D.Historical analysis of landscape change in the eastern boreal mixedwood:A case study in the context of cohort-based management[J].The forestry chronicle,2013,89(3):304-314.
- [26]MA Secretariat.About the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment[EB/OL].[2015-04-10].http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/about/index.htm.
- [27]赵士洞,张永民.生态系统与人类福祉:千年生态系统评估的成就、贡献和展望[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(9):895-902.
- [28]张永民,赵士洞.千年生态系统评估项目的后续计划:将知识转化为行动的全球战略[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(3):522-528.
- [29]USDA Forest Service,Ecosystem Management Coordination(EMC).National Forest Management Act(NFMA)/Planning[EB/OL].(2015-02-19)[2015-04-12].http://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/index.htm.
- [30]Ecosystem Management Coordination(EMC).How is the Final Planning Rule Different from the 1982 Rule Procedures?[R].Washington,D.C.:USDA-Forest Service,2015:1-2.
- [31]SMITH W B,DARR D R.US forest resource facts and historical trends[M].Washington,D.C.:USDA Forest Servic,2004.
- [32]邓成,梁志斌.国内外森林资源调查对比分析[J].林业资源管理,2012,41(5):12-17.
- [33]BECHTOLD W A,PATTERSON P L.Forest Inventory and Analysis National Sample Design and Estimation Procedures(draft version4.0)[R].Washington,DC:USDA Forest Service,2002.
- [34]肖兴威.中国森林资源淸査[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
- [35]USDA Forest Service,National Office U.S.Forest Service.Forest Inventory and Analysis Fiscal Year 2014 Business Report[EB/OL].(2014-03-2)[2015-04-13].http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/bus-orgdocuments/docs/FIA_FY14_REPORT_DRAFT%20%20022615.pdf
- [36]USDA Forest Service,Ecosystem Management Coordination(EMC).Forest Service NEPA Procedures and Guidance[EB/OL].(2014-07-11)[2015-04-15].http://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/nepa_procedures/index.htm.